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硕士 · 硕士：统计、研究设计、学术规范

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A study reports p = 0.03 with α = 0.05. What does this mean?

The result is statistically significant at the 5% level The null hypothesis is proven true There is a 3% chance the effect is real

A researcher surveys only students who chose to answer an online poll. Which bias is most likely?

Self-selection bias Measurement bias Recall bias

In “the effect of sleep hours on exam score”, which is the dependent variable?

Exam score Sleep hours Student age

What does the standard deviation measure?

Spread of the data The central value The strength of a correlation

What is the main purpose of a literature review?

Summarise existing research and identify gaps Collect raw data Prove your hypothesis is correct

When must you cite a source?

Whenever you use someone else’s ideas, even if reworded Only when copying exact words Never for widely known data

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